In what ways have relations between China and Japan developed since Essay

In what ways have relations among China and Japan created since 1949 - Essay Example In any case, the most eminent feature in their relationship is their vital association in the organization of their Asia Pacific multilateral collaboration, and all the more to a great extent those of East Asia all in all. Subsequently, the point of this paper is to assess manners by which the relations among China and Japan have created since 1949. From mid 1940s, China has constantly communicated its dismay in each activity that it saw Japan was attempting to graph a self-sufficient job for itself (Sutter, 2012, p. 175). China additionally held a blended perspective on Japan being a likely danger, while simultaneously Japan being a host to an enormous US military nearness planned for countering China impact and push. Such fears o drove China to sign bargains planned for countering Japan, for example, the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship with the expectation of protecting it against any apparent Japanese intrusion (Sutter, 2012, p. 271). From 1949 all through to end of 1950s, China figured arrangements that looked to influence Japan through exchange, in what was alluded to as people’s discretion (Sutter, 2012, p. 4). Such commitment were directed related to setting up colleagues with Japan restriction political associations, combined with the effort of weight on Japan to disavow Taiwan. Thus, relations among China and Ja pan decayed during late 1950s, particularly, when Chinese mounted their weight. Be that as it may, following the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations, monetary certainty brought about China socialist government to reevaluate and restore its exchange relations with Japan (Jian and Drew, 2009, ch 4). During the 1960 in what turned into the Cultural Revolution, China-Japan relations declined again because of Japan progressively quality and self-rule from US (Saunders, 2008, p. 128). The socialist government became worried that, Japan will in the long run re-mobilize, to make up for US consolidated military nearness across Asia under President Richard Nixon arrangements.

Syphillis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Syphillis - Research Paper Example Syphilis is a bacterial contamination that is basically spread through sexual contact, however can likewise be transmitted from mother to baby while in the belly or during birth coming about to inherent syphilis. It ordinarily begins as an effortless sore that can be found on the genital territory, rectum, or the mouth. Without treatment, syphilis can result to irreversible harm to the cerebrum, nerves or body tissues. This illness has ordinarily been known as â€Å"the incredible imitator† in light of the fact that its numerous signs and indications are indistinguishable from those of different infections. Sir William Osler expressed that â€Å"The doctor who realizes syphilis knows medicine.† (Rudkin and Blasko, 2011) The causative operator for syphilis is a life form known as Treponema pallidum. This is a gram-negative spirochete and is a parasite. It ranges from 6-20 um, while its measurement ranges from 18-20 um. It is a microaerophilic specialist and requires low convergences of oxygen. This bacterium is corkscrew formed and has no creature or ecological supplies. This creature is generally procured and spread by close sexual contact, entering the host through openings in squamous or columnar epithelium. It accesses the blood and lymph frameworks through bodily fluid layers. (Dandelin, 2009) Treponema pallidum has four known subspecies which cause various sicknesses. The first is Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis. The subsequent one is Treponema endemicum, which causes endemic syphilis. The third is Treponema pallidum carateum, which has been known to cause pinta, which is a human skin infection endemic usually found in Mexico, Central America and South America. The last sub specie is Treponema palidum pertenue which causes yaws. Yaws is a drawn out contamination that for the most part influences the skin, bones and joints. (Doran and Nowadly, 2010) Humans are the main known store for T. pallidum. The entryway of section into the hos t is bodily fluid layers. It is transmitted quite often through sexual contact with a contaminated accomplice. After the spirochetes pass the obstruction, they are helped through the circulatory system to each organ of the body. Around three to about a month after the microscopic organisms has gotten access into the new host, an injury will shape at the purpose of contact, which is known as a chancre. It generally presents as a firm, easy, skin ulceration with a breadth of 0.3-3 cm in size. This injury will won't leave for around five weeks at that point in the long run will recuperate suddenly. This is known as the essential stage. (Earthy colored, 2011) About a month and a half later, a limited cutaneous emission may show up. This is the optional stage, and there might be a wide range of signs. The principle attributes of this stage are skin rash and bodily fluid layer injuries. There might be different manifestations, for example, fever, sore throat, and weight reduction, sentime nts of body discomfort, male pattern baldness and even cerebral pain. At this stage, the disease spreads to the remainder of the body. The rash may spread to the feet, the back, or the hands. Once in a while, the rashes that happen with syphilis are little to such an extent that they can go unnoticed. One of the risks of this sickness is that the signs and side effects will resolve with or without treatment, which may lead one to imagine that the issue is gone; yet without treatment, the contamination will advance to the idle and conceivably late phases of malady. (Dandelin,

The Super Obvious Networking Opportunity You May Be Overlooking

The Super Obvious Networking Opportunity You May Be Overlooking Sometimes opportunities float right past your nose. It is important that you work hard, apply yourself, and always be ready so that when an opportunity comes you can grab it. Julie Andrews People tend to ignore the obvious in their environment. This is because they have not unlocked the screen of their mind to certain opportunities.We visit many places, overlook them and fail to see the enormous opportunities they promise to give. In life, we have to learn to seize the passing moments which are big with fate from Opportunitys extended hand.Sometimes, we look too high for things close by, we travel far to seek things that are right under our noses, and we dig too deep searching for diamonds which are having a sunbath on the sand.There are great opportunities to network, but could there be a networking opportunity you may be overlooking?Are you covering every base when it comes to increasing the circumference of your professional circle?The good news is that you are already on the rig ht path if youre consistently networking.But the not-so-good news is that you may be overlooking some vast opportunities that if utilized, will take your networking fame and prowess to the next level.There’s probably one obvious place with so much promise that you have constantly overlooked â€" and it’s where you currently work. Many professionals usually take advantage of the many opportunities to network outside of their workplace, but they, however, underestimate the significance of networking at work. Many people dont see the numerous opportunities where they work because they think it is not necessary to engage other employees in conversations apart from what directly concerns the company they work for.But did you know that networking within your company could be key to developing new skills and identifying opportunities for advancement in your career?WHY DO YOU NEED TO NETWORK AT WORK?Opportunities multiply as they are seized. Sun TzuBefore you run all around the place an d strain your nerves trying to build networks with hundreds of strangers, think about your workplace. Do you really know other employees in your company? How many of them do you really know? Even more importantly, do they know who you are, and what kind of skills you have?You may want to ask why you need to view the opportunities your workplace presents from another perspective and in a different light.There are two major reasons why you need to network at work. Little effort, great expansionIf you take a statistics of people at your workplace, you will find that many of your team members have probably had some experience working at somewhere else before.This means that not only are they potential people to join your network, but they also have friends and colleagues who you never knew before.With just the people at your workplace, you can get a whole new world inhabited by lots of others youve never even met. If you invite your colleagues to join your network, you also indirectly i nvite people that he knowsâ€"members of his family, previous co-workers, friends, etc.Your network will no longer grow in an arithmetic progression. Be prepared for a geometrical increase!So when next you grab some coffee or lunch with someone you work with, you’re not just learning more about them, but you’re also expanding your own network. More network, more valueWith more networking, you can add more value to yourself at your current workplace. When you network, you tend to build new skills, explore other areas of interest with little or no risks, and improve on your current skills. With all these values added to yourself, you can build up your reputation in the office.Networking entails learning about other teams and their work. When you do this, they begin to see your values and potential thereby increasing the probability that they will join your network. The more helpful you prove to be, the more your fame and reputation will grow at the office as someone who is always w illing to help and knows his stuff well.So, try to create space for networking in your schedule and use this opportunity to reach out to people who work in your office or company.Make new friends, and get to know them pretty well. If you constantly do this, with time, youll have a huge network right there in your office and this surely will move you to the next level in your business.HOW TO BUILD THE NETWORK AT YOUR WORKPLACESince you now know about the treasures in your workplace, would you like to have a detailed plan on how to hunt for these treasures?If you need new connections that will shoot you to the stars, you will find it very beneficial to read on and discover how you can use some networking tips right there in your workplace. Be friendlyI get by with a little help from my friends. John LennonThe main aim of networking is to make friends. Everybody thinks it is quite easy to be friendly. In reality, the reverse is the case.You could be so caught up in work, planning to m eet deadlines etc. that you forget to meet somebody new, or forget every important detail you learned about the people you met. It is very easy to forget to pay much attention to your surroundings.Whether its in a hallway or an elevator, you have to take deliberate actions to make friends, remember their names and involve them in conversations.Dale Carnegie, the master of communication gives in his book how to win friends and influence people some tips that could transform your method of communication and can determine how quickly you can make new friends.Some of these principles are:Become genuinely interested in other peopleSmileRemember their nameBe a good listenerEncourage others to talk about themselvesTalk in terms of the other persons interestMake the other person feel important and do it genuinely.You can watch the summary and insights on how to win friends and influence people on this video: If you apply these principles in your everyday relationships, youll be amazed by ho w easily and quickly you make friends and sell your ideas to them. If you want to be more likable and friendly, you can read this article on how to be a better co-worker. Welcome newcomersWhen new employees come to your workplace, you have to give them a good first impression they will remember. When you have a chance to get a good first impression, use it well!Research has shown that when you meet someone new, such a person judges you in about four seconds, finalizing his judgment largely within 30 seconds of the initial contact. First impressions could go a long way in determining if you will win friends or not.To learn more about the importance of first impression and personal branding in business, see You could also check out this video on how to make a great first impression.This video will teach you how to end conversations without appearing awkward, how to brag without bragging and lots more! Welcoming newcomers could be the easiest networking tip of all. This, of course, is because we usually look forward to meeting new people and they are also excited to meet us (in most cases). New co-workers are usually excited because they got the job and love to meet others and get some guidance.You can guide them in matters as simple as telling them which floor has the best coffee, what lunch is best prepared, etc. You can even offer to take them out to lunch someday. It is important to gain a good first impression with newcomers because, even if your co-worker is new to your office, they were probably hired because they had valuable experiences. Ensure you ask them about their background.They may have previous experiences in areas you really want to learn more about, or you may even discover that you have similar interests.In helping newcomers, try to keep your advice and tips harmless and useful. Also, let them know that you’re always open to any question they may have.If you apply the first rule of making friends, your colleagues will say a lot of good thing s about you to those new employees.Offer to help the newcomers with something. Perhaps you see the newcomer fumbling with the computer set-up for a meeting, you could ask to lend a hand.If you see them searching for a seat in a crowded room, you could wave your hand and offer them one next to you.Then as will be discussed in the next tip, ask an open-ended who, what, why or when question to encourage a conversation. Take advantage of lunchIf you would like to build your business network where you work, it might not be a good idea to eat your lunch in isolation in your office, or only with close office buddies. It is actually a great idea to occasionally eat lunch with other employees in the common break room.When you get to the lunchroom, dont give in to the temptation to isolate yourself in a corner. Ask someone if you can sit with them. While eating lunch, you could bring up a great conversation or talk about an interesting topic with them. Keep the discussion light and avoid issu es that will bring about arguments.If you have already met the person youre sitting with, you could use that opportunity to talk in a less formal capacity.Even though it might be important to strike a conversation with employees in the lunchroom, you have to choose the person you sit with strategically. Read the signs. Not everyone in the lunch room is ready for a conversation. If you see someone sitting at a table with their nose in a book, they probably want to be left alone.Also, be sensitive to reading body languages and response. If you sit next to someone and start a conversation, read their response.You’ll know quickly if they welcome the conversation or not. If you would like to be an expert in reading body languages and influencing people, you can see this video: The way you start a conversation determines if it will continue or end awkwardly. The first step to starting a conversation is to keep it simple and engaging. Dont start the conversation by saying hello and intro ducing yourself because it could lead to an awkward silence afterward.To break the ice, you must choose questions or statements that will put the person at ease and not make the person uncomfortable. Be yourself and the other person will feel more at ease. To engage the other person in a fulfilling conversation, ask open-ended questions.For example, you could ask what do you think of the food, or could you tell me what you enjoy about your work here?These questions will get the other person to talk and youll get to know more about them. You should keep the question or statement in the positive framework.For example, avoid complaining about the food, (that individual may be friends with the caterer, you never can tell!) also, dont say anything derogatory about the location, the company or anyone else.Discuss the weather or non-political current events like movies, big news, sports teams, etc. Try to stay up-to-date on current happenings around the world so you can ask intelligent fol low-up questions when discussing a big news event that happened.It is important to stay away from controversial topics (like politics) until you know each other better.After the general conversations, you should get the other person talking about themselves by asking all the right kinds of questions to encourage them to open up about their feelings and opinions. Take advantage of LinkedInMost of your colleagues are on LinkedIn and youre most probably on it too. If youre not, your networking will not be as effective as it should be. LinkedIn is a great professional community, unlike most other social media.LinkedIn could help you learn more about your co-workers without infringing into their personal life. Without even asking them, you will learn much about their professional life.There’s a great probability that you’ll learn something interesting about each and every one of your colleagues when you dive into their LinkedIn page. You can then connect with them to start building n etworks.Sometimes the connections you share with your colleagues will surprise you.When you look at their page, you begin to see the skills and people that the two of you share. In the world of networking, you have to make real connections with peopleâ€"a lot of people.With such strong connections to the people within your own organization, you have the most valuable resources surrounding you on a daily basis. With the right networking, you will be of great benefits to yourself and others. Help yourself by saying hi and networking with your current co-workers. Pay attention to office invitesWhen there is a party or get-together in the office or something along that line, do well to attend. To own a great network in the office, you cant afford to be an introvert. You must love to spend some time with people.Such invitations should not be turned down because they are great opportunities to meet people and be met. If you really want to meet people in your office and connect with them, accept the next email invite that comes through.This is because it may be an opportunity to meet with people in completely different departments where you dont know a lot of people.Also, if there is an opportunity to actively participate in such events (like volunteering and charity events), involve yourself in it.You could suggest offering to head up the effort if you are very familiar with those events. If you head the volunteering team, youll have to recruit people thereby making new connections while coming across as a leader and a helpful person.If you dont know much about the events your company is involved in, you could ask a colleague if you can work together on that project.For example, you could tell the person You did such a wonderful job with the fund-raising committee last year. Would you like me to join you this year? Lively conversations are most likely to develop from this question.See office invites as opportunities and not as unwanted obligations.CONCLUSIONYour wor kplace is a goldmine. Your mind and eyes should we wide open to the great opportunities there.The ability to notice these opportunities when you see them could determine how big a network you can have.Remember, you attract what you think.I really do hope these tips helped. See you at the top.

Hermia´s Character in Midsummer Night’s Dream by William...

Hermia’s Character in Ten Lines Have you ever wondered why Shakespeare uses so many descriptive words that could really be said in one? Or why some characters speak in rhyme and sometimes not? Shakespeare writes in this way to show how the characters feel through the rhythmic and descriptive words that they use. How the characters speak also shows how sincere and loving they are. Shakespeare had a way of writing that informed us about the characters and what we needed to know about them and also makes it interesting to read. Throughout a Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare uses very descriptive words. In Act 1, Scene 1, lines 171-181, Hermia speaks in a very descriptive way when she is describing Cupid’s bow as his best, strongest,†¦show more content†¦Hermia said that their love was â€Å"Cupid’s strongest bow† (line 172). Hermia’s character could have said, â€Å"Our love is like Cupid shot us with his strongest bow†, so i t would be comparing with the use of a simile, but instead uses a metaphor to make a direct comparison. Shakespeare also makes references to well-known people or things in this section. Along with Cupid’s bow being a metaphor, it is also an allusion. Cupid is the Roman god of love, so this line compares their love to that of Cupid’s. In line 174, Hermia says, â€Å"By the simplicity of Venus’ doves.† Venus is the goddess of love in Roman Mythology, so when interpreted, this line means, â€Å"By the goddess of love’s innocent dove.† Another example of an allusion in this section is in line 176 when she talks about the Carthage Queen. The Carthage Queen is Queen Dido, who burned herself alive because Aeneas, (her lover) betrayed her. These are allusions because she is comparing her love to Lysander through someone or something well-known. Shakespeare uses very good examples of metaphors and allusions as well as poetic and descriptive words. In conclusion, there are many reasons behind how Shakespeare has the characters speak and how they are portrayed. We learn quite a bit about Hermia’s character just by these ten, short lines. Overall, Hermia could have simply said,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1474 Words   |  6 Pagesinstance, one could look at the movies A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Shakespeare in Love. The latter follows the life of William Shakespeare himself, everything from his love affair with Viola de Lesseps to his creation of Romeo and Juliet. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, is one of the most famous plays of Shakespeare’s, revolving around the tumultuous relationships of four lovers, aided, and sometimes thwarted by the mischief of fairies. Although Shakespeare in Love outlines a few of the characteristicsRead MoreA Descriptive Bibliography Of Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream 1542 Words   |  7 PagesDescriptive Overview of Shakespeareâ⠂¬â„¢s â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† William Shakespeare was born April 1564 and grew up in Strafford-upon-Avon. He wrote â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† in his early years as a playwright. He also wrote the play is a mixture of romance and comedy. It tells the story of four young people who fall in love with each other with the aid of magic. Shakespeare managed to create a dream world for the audience using the characters tied to a plot filled with antics and themesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream990 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream Symbols help to play an important part in giving a deeper meaning to a story. William Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in his play A Midsummer Night’s Dream and by using these symbols he offers some insight onto why certain events take place in the play. Symbols are sometimes hard to decipher but as the reader continues to read the symbol’s meaning might become more clear. Shakespeare uses a variety of symbols in A Midsummer Night’s DreamRead MoreManipulating The Supernatural : William Shakespeare s Othello And A Midsummer Night s Dream883 Words   |  4 Pagestoward people that we can relate to. Because of this Shakespeare made his characters as relatable as possible to the audience members of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century and their views on life so he could generate more recognition for his plays. Throughout Shakespeare s plays, Othello and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, he appeals to the audience by relating to their human nature. One of the major observations of human nature that Shakespeare likely made and incorporated into his plays is theRead MoreThe Transformative Power Of Love1630 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm ENGL 1302-122 20 April 2017 The Transformative Power of Love In the famous play â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, William Shakespeare creates a mas-terful comedy that is still able to cover a range of controversial topics. By using specific charac-ters and conflicts, he is able to broach difficult subjects ranging from rape, to coercion. Although this would typically be unpalatable for a comedy, Shakespeare offsets them by using comedic symbolism, and subplots. The appearance of conflicting narrativesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1397 Words   |  6 Pagesmost Renaissance playwrights, involve love and its obstacles. Much of the comedy in A Midsummer Night’s Dream derives from the attempt of Lysander and Hermia to remain together while overcoming the adult authority figure who attempts to hinder the love of a young couple. The overcoming of an obstacle functions as a common motif in Renaissance comedy. The audience must wonder, however, whether Lysander and Hermia, as well as Demetrius and Helena , actually love each other. While it is the love potionRead MoreShakespeares Midsummer Nights Dream is An Elizabethan Era Play with a Greek Twist712 Words   |  3 Pages An Elizabethan Era Play with a Greek Twist William Shakespeare wrote the play, A Midsummer Nights Dream, sometime in the 1590s. The play, a romantic comedy, portrays the adventures of four young lovers, an amateur actors group, their interactions with a Duke and Duchess, and with fairies in a moonlit forest. Although Shakespeare used certain themes in this play to portray Greek aspects, the reflection of Elizabethan England is dominant in several different ways. ShakespearesRead MoreTheme Of Love Gone Love And A Midsummer Nights Dream1892 Words   |  8 Pagesthat contain the theme of forbidden love, the theme of love gone wrong, and the theme of unconditional love are: William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Fay Weldon’s â€Å"IND AFF or Out of Love in Sarajevo.† Though these stories were both written many years apart, they have a commonality with their themes. These themes can be drawn by the individual story’s main characters and main events. Even though the theme of love gone wrong displays itself a bit differently in each piece, its identificationRead MoreEssay on A Midsummer Nights Dream: Critical Analysis3103 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of quot;A Midsummer Nights Dreamquot; William Shakespeare, born in 1594, is one of the greatest writers in literature. He dies in 1616 after completing many sonnets and plays. One of which is quot;A Midsummer Nights Dream.quot; They say that this play is the most purely romantic of Shakespeares comedies. The themes of the play are dreams and reality, love and magic. This extraordinary play is a play-with-in-a-play, which master writers only write successfully. Shakespeare proves here toRead More A Cubist Perspective of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream2475 Words   |  10 PagesA Cubist Perspective of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The great cycle of the ages is renewed. Now Justice returns, returns the Golden Age; a new generation now descends from on high. - Virgil, Eclogues 1.5    As Virgil stated so many years ago, history is a cyclical phenomenon. The experiences of one age tend to be repeated in future generations. Knowing that, we should not be surprised to find the seeds of modern styles and philosophies sprouting in earlier

Lack Of Unity For A Democracy Essay - 2276 Words

Lack of Unity in Minneapolis Humans naturally identify themselves with subgroups in a population, rather than an entire population. In the past, people were separated into aristocracies and distinct social classes by the ruling government, controlling the contact and enforcing a lack of equality between the wealthy and poor. While there are no laws today that prevent interaction between socioeconomic classes, people tend to stick by the people they can relate to. Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America argues that due to everyone’s equality in a democracy, people naturally divide into various small, select circles based on common interests. These interests will ultimately lead to a lack of unity. This is exactly what is occurring in my hometown Minneapolis. French political scientist and historian Alexis de Tocqueville equates democracy to equality. For his time, American democracy of one man, one vote, was equality. A poor, white, landowning man over the age of 21 could vote in America. This was the basis of Tocqueville’s sense of equality, that no matter a man’s social status, he could vote. Tocqueville wrote, â€Å"All classes†¦ communicate and intermingle every day† (Tocqueville 39). This was drastically different from Europe and France at the time, however, class divides once seen in Europe never did disappear in America. Democracy gave poor people the ability to interact with those of a higher economic standing, yet their private lives often stayed contained withinShow MoreRelatedThe Different Forms Of Government, Friendship, Trust, And Prosperity1482 Words   |  6 Pagesvalues of human nature like religion, friendship, trust, and prosperity. Aquinas states that government is to serve the people while taking into account peace and unity because â€Å"the good and wellbeing of a community united in fellowship lies in the preservation of its unity† (p 10). He explains that without fellowship there can be no unity and that we can fi nd fellowship through trust and well-being. Peace gives community a sense of harmony through nonviolence and the freedom from war. We find thatRead MoreWhy The North Won The Civil War995 Words   |  4 Pagesconfederate states which prevented their victory. In my opinion, Donald seems to argue that the biggest reasons behind the failure of the confederate states were not a shortage of resources, but the absence of economic unity, weak military leadership, European neutrality, surplus of democracy, and numerous partitions within the political parties. The five essays written by various expertise and compiled by Donald to provide in-depth information on major factors involved in the Civil War are impeccableRead MoreA Democratic Government986 Words   |  4 Pagesstrongest democracies flourish from frequent and lively debate, but they endure when people of every background and belief find a way to set aside smaller differences in service of a greater purpose† (Obama, 2009). F ellow survivors, I ask you to imagine a year from now and envisage the society you want to be a part of. It has been three weeks since the disaster. Fear and confusion are rampant within the fragments of our society, productivity is at an all time low and our community lacks structureRead MorePolitical Exclusion : A Universal Norm1731 Words   |  7 Pagesunfairness is what motivates current efforts at improve democratic representation. Thus, exploring whether the liberal democracy suitable for the promotion of peace and stability appears relevant in Africa. The hallmark of liberal democracy is to maximizing the interests of individuals and groups. This is the main reason for the critics to symbolise it as the interest-based model of democracy. The presumption is that the interest of society is the aggregate of individual’s preferences in a rational processRead MoreConstitutional Convention Research Paper747 Words   |  3 Pages Although the constitution is an exciting step towards democracy, there are still several issues in it. While Lijphart’s PR model is appealing, a FPTP system would be far more effective in satisfying our ethnic group interests and the interests of the nation as a whole. Proportional representation could continue the historical divide of ethnic groups, but continuing that divide is not in the national interest. The national interest is unity, and the vision is that the Big, the Tiny, the Medium, andRead MoreDemocracy : A Democratic Society Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages Democracy can be defined as government that exist for the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people. There are certain fundamental characteristics, principals, and values that should be held within a democracy. Popular sovereignty establishes the people as the ultimate source of authority of the government and their sovereignties should be reflected through the political system. There should be institutional and procedural limitation on government power. This includes the separationRead MoreThe August Crisis : An Insider s View1596 Words   |  7 PagesPierre Schinder, who believed that â€Å"in Canada, democracy never existed.† This statement supports Pelletier’s proposal that extremists ignore the political foundation of Canada. However, Tetley critiques Schinder for his admiration of Louis Joseph Papineau, a Quebec patriot, due to the fact that Papineau â€Å"opposed the use of force by his followers.† Therefore, Tetley believes the democracy that the FLQ targeted is in itself a greater Canadian democracy, which has managed to unify the rest of the nationRead MoreThe Unity Of Greek Unity1329 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will show that Greek unity was barely present in the early 5th century BC, and that the poleis involved in either the Ionian revolt(499-494BC) or the Persian invasion of Greece(480-479BC) were acting largely in their own self-interest. Herodotus in particular overly emphasises the degree to which the Greeks were concerned about liberty in regard to Persian rule, and the extent of any common Greek identity between the cities. For many cities, the reality was that they were massivelyRead More Foundations of Political Thought Essays1664 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle and Socrates and Plato’s beliefs have similarities mainly evident in their denouncement of democracy for the state. The views of Socrates expressed and written by his pupil Plato are vastly philosophical in nature and he promotes the idea of questioning life to achieve insight. The philosophers who possess the absolute truth are the best equipped to rule society according to Plato and his Allegory of the Cave. Conversely, Aristotle takes a more political science approach of discussingRead MoreEssay on Is Democracy Sustainable in Latin America?1274 Words   |  6 PagesIs Democracy Sustainable in Latin America? In order to determine if democracy is sustainable in Latin America, it is important to understand or at least have an idea of what democracy is. There are several types of democracy and each is different. According to the English dictionary, democracy is â€Å" a government by the people; especially: rule of the majority by a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them

Spring exam Free Essays

First Line Managers – supervise people who perform non-managerial duties Middle Managers – oversee the work of large departments or divisions Top Managers – guide the performance of the organization as a whole or of one of its major parts Governance – is the oversight of top management by a board of directors or a board of trustees Accountability – is the requirement so show performance results too supervisor The upside-Down Pyramid – view puts customers at the top of the organization by being served by workers who are supported by the managers below them Social Capital – Is the capacity to attract support and help from others In order to get things done. Emotional Intelligence – Is the ability to manage ourselves and our relationships effectively Conceptual Skill – Is the ability to think analytically and solve complex problems 1 . Self-Awareness ? understanding moods and emotions 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Spring exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now Self-Regulation – thinking before acting; controlling disruptive impulses 3. Motivation – working hard and persevering 4. Empathy – understanding the emotions of others 5. Social Skills – gaining rapport and building good relationships Global Sourcing – involves contracting for work that is performed in other countries Corporate Governance – is the oversight of a company’s management by a board of directors Glass Ceiling Effect – an invisible barrier limiting career advancement of women and minorities Intellectual Capital – is the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce (Competency x Commitment = Intellectual Capital) Self-Management – is the ability to understand oneself, exercise initiative, accept responsibility and learn from experience ME – Chi. Critical Thinking – the ability to perceive situations, gather and interpret relevant information, and make decisions Sustainable Competitive Advantage – is an ability to outperform rivals in ways that are difficult to imitate Corporate Strategy – sets long- term direction for the total enterprise Business Strateg y – identifies how a division or strategic business unit will compete in its product or service domain Functional Strategy – guides activities within one specific area of operations Growth Through Concentration – means expansion within an existing business area Growth Through Diversification – means expansion by entering related or new business areas Growth Through Vertical Integration – occurs by acquiring suppliers or distributors Retrenchment Strategy – changes operations to correct weaknesses Liquation – occurs when a business sells Its assets to pay creditors Restructuring – reduces the scale or mix of operations Divestiture – Involves selling off parts of the organization to refocus attention on core business areas Strategic Alliance – organizations Join together In partnership to pursue an area of mutual interest Co-petition – is the strategy of working with rivals n projects of mutual benefit business Strategy -strategically uses the internet to gain competitive advantage Scrounging – is strategic use of the internet to engage customers and potential customers in providing opinions and suggestions on implementing strategies Differentiation Strategy – offers products that are uni que and different from those of the competition Cost Leadership Strategy – seeks to operate with lower costs than competitors Focused Differentiation Strategy – offers a unique product to a special market segment Focused Cost Leadership Strategy – seeks the lowest costs of operations within a special market segment Strategic Leadership – inspires people to implement organizational strategies Strategic Control – makes sure strategies are scrapped or changed ME – Chi. 9 Colonization – is the process through which new members learn the culture of an organization Observable Culture – is what you see and hear when walking around an organization Core Culture – is found in the underlying values of the organization Symbolic Leader – uses language and symbols and actions to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture. How to cite Spring exam, Papers

Dissertation Proposal Case Study of Retail Sector

Question: Discuss about theDissertation Proposalfor Case Study of Retail Sector. Answer: Impact of Technology on Supply Chain Management: A Case Study of Retail Sector Introduction: In the present globalize business environment, logistics and supply chain management has emerged as one of the prime factors that can have serious impact on the business performance of retail sector. Several retail organizations have opened their retail across geographical boundaries, which have induced to include different advance technologies for ensuring required amount of products reach to its desired destination (Christopher 2016). In this study, the focus would be on evaluating the kind of impact introduction of advance technologies can have on the complex supply chain management process in retail sector. The study would also focus on recommending the best possible way to use advance technologies to improve present logistics management process. Research Context: In the present time, technological evaluation has changed business process of the retail sector completely. Specifically, it has allowed retail organizations to use lean supply chain management procedure that has helped to minimize the costs associated with the operational process. Moreover, increasing demand in the retail sector has induced organizations to focus on introducing advance technologies in the business process (Monczka et al. 2015). Now, retail sector includes varieties of products that needed to be transported with extreme care and precisions. For that reason, utilization of manual process with the supply chain management has become impossible. As a result, almost all the prime retail sector organizations have focused on using advance technologies for fulfilling all the requirements effectively. However, Stadtler (2015) have highlighted the fact that introduction of advance technologies have influenced organizations to change the entire operational procedure. As a resul t, organizations will have to invest huge amount for utilizing advanced technology based supply chain management process (Green Jr et al. 2012). Therefore, it can have negative impact on the overall revenue level of the retail organizations. Thus, retail organizations will have to take lot of risks at the time of introducing advance technologies for supply chain management process. For that reason, organizations dealing in the retail sector will have to be extremely careful for handling all the requirements of the supply chain management process. Moreover, it would also have to identify the trends related to logistics and supply chain process for creating maximum impact with the introduction of advance technologies. Research Gap: The above discussion has highlighted the fact that introduction of advance technologies within the supply chain process has become necessary for the retail organizations. In fact, advanced technologies have helped organizations to focus on several concepts including lean management and green logistic management for ensuring continues success in the market. However, introduction of advance technologies in the supply chain sector is relatively a new concept. As a result, not many studies have been conducted on assessing the exact amount of impact advance technology base supply chain process can have on overall business process of the logistics sector. Research Aim: The study aims to analyze the kind of impact advance technologies can have on the effectiveness of the supply chain management process within the retail sector. Research Questions: Primary research question: How advance technology base supply chain management process can enhance the overall business process of the retail sector organizations? Secondary research questions: What are the possible challenges associated with the business procedure of advance technology base retail sector organizations? How can advance technology help retail sector organizations to minimize the required lead-time associated with supply chain process? Research Methods: As highlighted by Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault (2015) appropriate selection of research method is extremely essential for fulfilling all the aims and objective of the research topic. Therefore, in order to analyze the kind of impact advance technologies can have on the effectiveness of the supply chain management process, the study would focus on positivism research philosophy. It would help the study to include different theoretical aspects related to the technology based supply chain management process. On the other hand, the study would also select deductive approach for assessing different existing concepts appropriately. It has been assessed that proper utilization of existing concept would help to add value to the research study. Thirdly, the study would focus on descriptive research design for covering all possible factors in an appropriate manner (Panneerselvam 2014). For analyzing the impact of advance technology on supply chain management, the study would consider secondary data collection technique. In order to capture information related to advance technology based supply chain management, the study would consider systematic probability sampling. The secondary data will be collected from different books, journals, annual reports, blogs and newspapers and other reliable sources. Two separate set of questionnaires would be prepared for assessing the impact of advance technology on supply chain management. To collect the relevant data and make the evaluation of the data thematic analysis will be conducted in the study. Significance of Research: As highlighted by Tayur, Ganeshan and Magazine (2012) retail sector is growing all across the world, which has increased the pressure on logistics and supply chain management in a great way. Therefore, introduction of advance technologies have become necessary for all the organizations dealing in the retail sector. For that reason, it is also necessary for the organizations to understand the best possible way to use advance technologies. Thus, proper assessment regarding the kind of impact technology has created in the supply chain management sector is necessary for handling all future challenges. Therefore, the study would allow organizations to enhance the efficiency level of the supply chain management process. Moreover, the study would also provide proper recommendations for countering all the future challenges in an appropriate way. References: Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Green Jr, K.W., Zelbst, P.J., Meacham, J. and Bhadauria, V.S., 2012. Green supply chain management practices: impact on performance.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(3), pp.290-305. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Silverman, D. ed., 2016.Qualitative research. Sage. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Tayur, S., Ganeshan, R. and Magazine, M. eds., 2012.Quantitative models for supply chain management(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media.

Impact of Trade Liberalization

Introduction Trade liberalization is the opening of domestic market to the international world. It is the establishment of free market across the globe where by all players across the world are accorded the freedom to carry out business transaction in any country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Trade Liberalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The trade liberalization is opposed to the concept where countries protect their domestic industries from international competition. The establishment of trade liberalization implies the abolition of regulations that can in one way or another limit any form international trade that is viewed to be legal under international law. This paper seeks to explore the subject of trade liberalization. The paper will discuss impacts of trade liberalization with respect to poverty, agriculture and government subsidies. The paper will with specification discuss t he relationship between trade liberalization and poverty in Argentina, the impacts of trade liberalization on agricultural activities of in Salvador and Costa Rica as examples of low income nations and finally, government support for industries under organization for economic co-operation and development. Poverty effects from trade liberalization in Argentina The poor economic performance witnessed in Argentina in the late decades of the nineteenth century led to the idea of liberalizing the economy in an attempt to rescue the country’s economy. Argentina was under threat of adverse economic instability that was characterized by international debts, inflation as well as deficits in balance of payments among others. One of the effects of the Argentine economic liberalization was the increased rate of unemployment that was witnessed in 1990s. The opening of the country to unrestricted international trade led to influx of importation of goods. The imported goods were relatively cheaper that the locally manufactured goods. This undermined the operations of the domestic factories costing locals their jobs as the domestic production was realized to be more expensive. The reliance of imported commodities further undermined job creation thereby increasing cases of unemployment. The end result became evident as increased poverty level. The technique used by Barraud and Calfat to analyze this effect of trade liberalization in Argentina involves two steps. The first step is the establishment of the changes that occurred in commodities as well as their prices following the market liberalization. The second step is the determination of the effects of liberalization on households following the analysis of their revenues and expenditures. The changes in commodity and prices were done on both traded and non traded goods.Measurement of household income was then done as at before and after the implementation of the trade liberalization. These analyses then yielded the me asures of poverty and welfare.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The results indicated that there was significant effect of liberalization on the poor. The liberalization policy had effects on both traded and non traded goods. The research indicated that there was a negative effect of liberalization that needed to be addressed in order to solve the unemployment problem. There is however no concrete association between poverty level and the unemployment caused by liberalization (Barraud and Calfat 12). Impacts of trade liberalization on agriculture in salvador and Costa Rica According to Gingrich and Garber, the effects of liberalization on the agricultural sector vary from one country to another. In Costa Rica, the liberalization policy was implemented in gradual steps over a decade. The implementation took a broader perspective to include exchange rates, financial po licies and restrictions on quantity oftrade were reviewed. The policy implementation was however rushed in Salvador.Notable differences were observed between the two countries as Costa Rica was identified to be more stable economically and politically. In research conducted by Gingrich and Garber, it was found that the nature of agricultural goods, tradability and intensity in labour, the liberalization policy in trade enhanced exportation of agricultural goods. Liberalization had different effects in the two countries under consideration. While its effect was positive in CostaRica, Salvador experienced a decline in the agricultural trade balance. The method of analysis, week’s interpretation, is however criticized as wrong for including factors that are not related to trade liberalization (Gingrich and Garber 14). Government support to industry in organization for economic co-operation and development Trade liberalization also led to governments’ support to industries . The issue of subsidies is a development whose primary goal was to aid the development of declining industries. In exploring factors that influence government support to businesses through subsidies, Aydin notes that politics is one of the factors that affects the grants of subsidies as politicians seeks to gain influence. The capital capacity of an industry is also a factor as industries with high assets attracts more subsidies due to their ability to adjust to global competition. Other factors affecting the allocation of subsidies include unemployment rate, political atmosphere, and exposure of the economy to the global market among others. Aydin however recommended improvement on future research to include relationship between level of subsidies and other expenditures of various governments (Ayidin13).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of Trade Liberalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Co nclusion The exploration of impacts of trade liberalization is an important tool that helps in the identification of features of trade liberalization that needs to be considered by different governments. The investigations into the negative impacts of the policy are a tool that if considered and measures taken by the governments, then economies can be revived and improved. The various research techniques that have so far been employed to investigate trade liberalization are however not credible enough as they either includes irrelevant factors or fail to explain some. Independent institutions should therefore be established and empowered to effectively look into the subject of trade liberalization. Works Cited Aydin,Umut. Promoting industries in the global economy: subsidies in OECD countries. New York,NY:Rutledge, 2007. Print. Barraud, Ariel Calfat, German.Poverty Effects from Trade Liberalisation in Argentina. New York,NY:Rutledge, 2008. Print. Gingrich, Chris Garber, Jason.Trade liberalization’s impact on Agriculture in low income Countries: a comparison of El Salvador and Costa Rica. USA: Eastern Mennonite University, n.d. Print. This research paper on Impact of Trade Liberalization was written and submitted by user Nightcrawler to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essays

To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essays To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay To investigate how temperature affects the rate of reaction of the enzyme catalase on its substrate hydrogen peroxide Essay Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to tale place. The activation energy is the amount of energy needed for molecules to react when they collide. Molecules need to collide in order to react, this is known as the collision theory. When they collide they may not react as a certain amount of energy is required to break bonds, this energy is the activation energy.Enzymes are made of a long amino acid chain, within this some molecules are attracted to each other, so the chain folds in on itself to form a 3D shape.How enzymes are shaped.An area on the surface of the enzyme is known as the active site. This is where reactions take place to form or break down substances. Enzymes are specific which means a particular enzyme only works on one substance known as its substrate. For example, the substrate of amylase is starch and the substrate of lipase is fats. They only have one substrate because the act ive site is formed in a different shape for each enzyme, where only one substance can fit. The lock and key hypothesis states that the enzyme is like a lock which will only have one key.Lock and Key hypothesisThe substrate shown is the only substance that fits the enzyme. An enzyme substrate complex is the compound formed when the substrate is attached to the active site, it is only in this form for a short time while the substrate is being broken down.Enzymes can break own substances, known as catabolism, or can join substances together, known as anabolism. Together they form metabolism which is every chemical reaction in the body.catabolism and anabolism.Enzymes are affected by four factors which are1. Temperature2. pH3. Enzyme concentration4. Substrate concentrationA temperature increase gives ore energy to gives more energy to the substrate and the enzyme so they are more likely to collide and react. The frequency of the collisions with the right activation energy will increase so the rate of reaction will increase. The rate of increase is shown by a mathematical coefficient known as Q10, which states that a ten degree rise in temperture will cause the rate of reaction to approximately double. However at high temperatures enzymes will begin to denature. This means the attractions holding together the shape of the enzyme will begin to break so the active site loses its unique shape and is unable to react with its substrate. The optimum temperature for most enzymes is 37?C, after this they begin to denature. The enzymes in the body have this optimum temperature and the body has adapted to control its temperature so the enzymes are working at there best.Enzymes also have an optimum pH level, where they work best, any changes to this level will cause the enzymes to begin to denature.Pepsin works best in acidic conditions because it is used in the stomach along with stomach acid. Lipase works best in alkali conditions because it works with bile in the intestine s.Increasing the concentration of either the enzyme or the substrate will increase the number in the solution meaning there is more chance of collisions and reactions. There is a limit to the rate of reaction. For example if the enzyme concentration is increased from the same concentration of enzyme and substrate then the rate of reaction will not increase as there are not enough subsrate molecules to react with.HypothesisI predict that a rise in temperature will cause a rise in the rate of reaction until 40?C, after which enzymes will denature so the rate will fall. This will happen because a rise in temperature will mean the are moving faster and are more likely to collide with the catalase on the potato resulting in a greater frequency of collisions. A higher temperature will also mean more hydrogen peroxide molecules will have an energy above the activation energy, so there will be more collisions with the right activation energy. This will result in the rate of reaction increas ing.After 40?C the rate will fall because catalase will denature. His means the attractions between amino acid molecules in the enzyme will break and the enzyme will lose its shape. The active site of the enzyme changes so it can not break down hydrogen peroxide. As the temperature rises further the catalase will denature more quickly and the rate of reaction will fall further.A graph of rate of reaction against temperature may look like this.The rise of rate of reaction is governed by the Q10 coefficient, which states that a 10?C rise will result in an approximate double of the rate of reaction.MethodPreliminary work was undertaken to determine the amount of hydrogen peroxide and potato to use, and what temperature differences to use. The results are as follows;Volume of Hydrogen peroxide (ml)Length of Potato (cm)Temperature (?C)Volume of gas produced in 5 min (ml)112022202140322032401cm potato was too small to handle, and 2cm potato was not fully covered by 2cm3 hydrogen peroxide. So 2cm of potato was used with of hydrogen peroxide. There will not be enough time for all the experiments to be left for five minutes. So they will be left for four minutes, leaving enough time to complete all experiments.Pour 3cm3 of hydrogen peroxide into a test tube, place this in a water bath of 20?C to warm up. Use a cork borer to retrieve a strip of potato from a potato, cut this to 2cm using a cutting board and a knife. Pour water into a beaker and place and measuring cylinder, full of water, into it, as shown below. Take care not to allow air into the cylinder. Place the end of a delivery tube into the measuring cylinder as shown below. Place the potato on the side of the test tube and close it with the bung of the delivery tube. Allow the potato to drop into the hydrogen peroxide, which should be the temperature of the water bath, and start a timer.Set up of equipmentAs oxygen is produced in the reaction it will displace the air trapped in the test tube, this will be forc ed through the delivery tube into the measuring cylinder. The air will rise to the top as the measuring cylinder is full of water and its volume can be measured. Take readings of gas produced every 30 seconds for four minutes.Repeat the experiment twice for reliability and verification of results. Conduct similar experiments with water bath temperatures of 10?C, 30?C, 40?C, 50?C, 60?C and 70?C. In each case make sure the temperature of the substrate has reached the temperature of the water bath before adding the potato.Other methods which can be used are counting the number of bubbles produced, this would not be accurate as the bubble sizes are not the same and the volume is not measured. Measuring the mass of the gas lost is a better method as readings on the scale will be accurate, however this would require equipment which is not available.To make the test fair all other factors affecting the rate of reaction must be kept constant. This includes surface area of the potato and the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide. The experiment will be kept a fair test by:? Using the same length of potato, to keep the surface area constant,? Using the same volume of hydrogen peroxide,? Washing the test tube out with water and drying it, this will prevent concentration changes in hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same potato, as different potatoes will have different levels of catalase present,? Using the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide,? Using the same cork borer to cut the potato, to keep the surface area constant.The experiment will be safe by:? Always wearing safety goggles, as hydrogen peroxide an damage your eyes,? Not spilling the hydrogen peroxide as it is an irritant, and bleaches,? Taking care when cutting the potato,? Taking care when handling hot water.ResultsThe results obtained are as follows:There was not enough time to conduct two repetitions, however, one repetition was conducted. The rest of the method was followed as planned.1st Set of ResultsGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.100.200.400.100.100.20600.100.100.400.800.200.200.30900.100.200.601.300.300.400.301200.200.500.901.800.400.400.301500.200.501.102.200.400.400.301800.250.601.402.700.400.400.302100.300.701.603.000.600.400.302400.300.801.803.400.600.400.302nd Set of ResultsGas collected with (ml) the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.050.100.200.300.300.25600.050.050.200.600.350.400.25900.200.100.300.900.400.400.251200.100.200.601.300.450.400.251500.150.400.801.800.450.400.251800.200.451.002.200.450.400.252100.200.601.302.700.450.400.252400.300.701.603.000.450.400.25AveragesGas collected (ml) with the following temperatures (?C)Time (s)10203040506070300.050.080.150.300.200.200.23600.080.080.300.700.280.300.28900.100.150.451.100.350.400.281200.150.350.751.550.430.400.281500.180.450.952.000.430.400.281800.230.531.202.450.430.400.282100.250.651.452.850.530.400.282400.300.751.703.200.530.400.28Rate of reactionTemperature (?C)Total gas collected (ml)Rate of Reaction (ml/s)/103100.301.25200.753.13301.707.08403.2013.33500.532.19600.401.67700.281.15AnalysisThe amount of gas produced is proportional to the rate of reaction because if the rate of reaction doubles then twice as many reactions are occurring per second so the amount a gas produced is doubled. The rate of reaction can be found by dividing the gas produced by the time. This has been done in the results.From the graph of temperature against rate of reaction we can see the highest rate of reaction, of 0.013 /s, occurs at 40?C. The rate is slow, 0.00125 /s, at 10?C it then rises with temperature until it reaches its maximum at 40?C. This happens because at low temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has less energy a moves more slowly. It will collide with the catalase less often, meaning the frequency of collisions is low. They are less likely to have the right activation energy so there are less collisions resulting in reactions. This will mean the rate of reaction will be low. At higher temperatures the hydrogen peroxide has enough energy to reach its activation energy and it is also colliding more often, so the rate of reaction will be higher.After 40?C the rate of reaction falls , this is because the catalase begins to denature. When enzymes denature the attractions between amino acids in the enzyme break and the enzyme begins to return to its original shape. The shape of the active site also changes so it cannot break down the hydrogen peroxide.The rise in rate of reaction between 10?C and 40?C complies with the Q10 coefficient, as a 10?C rise causes the rate of reaction to approximately double. This can be shown by dividing the higher rate of reaction by the lower one. For example dividing the rate of reaction at 20?C by the rate of reaction at 10?C should give a figure close to 2.These figures are all close to 2, they will not be exact because Q10 is only an approximate and the results are not perfect .From the table of results showing the average volume of gas produced every 30 seconds we can see that at 50?C the enzymes denature within 2 minutes, as gas is no longer produced. This happens because the enzyme takes time to heat up, while it is still reacting with the substrate. Once it is heated to the temperature of the hydrogen peroxide not all the enzymes are denatured. At 60?C the potato is heated faster and it takes 90 seconds for the enzymes to denature, at 70?C the potato is heated even faster and it takes 30 seconds to denature.The results agree with my hypothesis because I have predicted that the rate of reaction will rise between 10?C and 40?C, and the rate will fall after 40?C. The graph obtained for the results is also similar to the one predicted, and the results seem to follow as predicted.From conducting the experiment and gathering data I can conclude that the rate of reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide rises as the temperature of the mixture rises. Th is happens until 40?C, after which the rate of reaction falls because the catalase begins to denature. When enzyme denature attractions between the amino acids break so the enzymes loses its shape. The active site will no longer have its unique shape and the enzyme will be unable to react with its substrate.This is because only the right active site shape can break down hydrogen peroxide, according to the lock and key hypothesis, which suggests the substrate, like a key, will only have one lock, enzyme, it fits into. The reaction follows Q10 until 40?C, because a 10?C rise will give enough energy to the substrate to increase the number of collisions and give more molecules the right activation energy to react when the collide. This will double the rate of reaction.Two anomalous results occurred during the experiment.1. During the repeat reading of the experiment at 10?C the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that of 120 seconds. This does not affect the analysis as the reading was ignored when taking averages.2. During the 50?C experiment the first time the volume of gas produced stopped increasing between 120 and 180 seconds. Gas was then released, it may have been trapped in the delivery tube. When drawing the best fit line this was taken into account, so it shouldnt affect the analysis.EvaluationThe experiment was conducted successfully, the results obtained indicates a clear pattern which can be used to draw and support a valid conclusion. The experiment could not be conducted as planned because there was not enough time to repeat each experiment twice. However, one repetition was conducted which did make the results more reliable.The results are reliable because the experiment was a fair test. This was done by keeping all variables constant. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide was not changed, however, it did vary as it naturally decomposed into water and oxygen. It also decomposed more during the higher temperature experiments because the hydrogen p eroxide had more energy. This was a slight change and could not vary the volume of the gas produced significantly. The same volume oh hydrogen peroxide was used. The surface area of the potato was kept constant by using the same size cork borer and cutting it to the same size.The results are accurate because a narrow measuring cylinder was used, so the volume measured is more accurate. Hot and cold water were mixed to achieve accurate temperatures.An anomalous results occurred during the repeat reading of the 10?C experiment, the reading at 90 seconds is higher than that at 120 seconds. This reading was ignored when taking the average so It does not affect the analysis. It occurred because the measurement was misread, it may have been 0.1 cm3, instead of 0.2 cm3. Another anomalous result occurred during the first taking of the 50?C experiment, gas was released at 210 seconds when the experiment seemed to have stopped. The gas may have been trapped in the delivery tube and should hav e been released earlier in the experiment. This was taken into account when drawing the best fit line on the graph, so does not affect the analysis.The method used was good enough to achieve reliable readings , but it can be improved by measuring the mass of the gas lost, this would be more accurate as digital readings would be taken. Using a smaller frequency and a larger range of temperatures would give more evidence for the conclusion. However would require more time and equipment.Other improvements are, using thinner measuring cylinders, to measure out the hydrogen peroxide and the gas produced. Using a thermocouple thermometer to accurately measure the temperature. The hydrogen peroxide took time to heat up as the test tube is glass and is insulated. Using a better material would save time and would have allowed the plan to be completed. Using electronic equipment to take readings a exactly 30 seconds, would eliminate human error.Further work that would extend the investigation and give more evidence to the conclusion would be, to use different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and lengths of potato, to see how these affect the rate of reaction. Using other substances with catalase, like liver, to see how enzyme concentration affects the rate.

Gender Issues in Our Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender Issues in Our Society - Research Paper Example â€Å"As regards the individual nature, the woman is defective and misbegotten, for the active power of the male seed tends to the production of a perfect likeness in the masculine sex; while the production of a woman comes from defect in the active power.† Thomas Aquinas. All because Eve disobeyed God, all women were meant to be doomed for eternity. Was it fair that they suffered because of another person’s actions? â€Å"And a man will choose†¦any wickedness, but the wickedness of a woman†¦Sin began with a woman and thanks to her we all must die.† Ecclesiasticus, 25:18, 19 &33. Women had to fight and struggle to be where they are today, and yet they still have so much further to go. In the harsh reality of it all, I feel as though men will always be seen as superior, and will always overpower women. Gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Since the beginning of time, women have held a lower status than men. Ano ther thing is that our society and the media, as well as entertainment sources, feed into and off of the male gender. We have to think back to realize that we all evolved from the man first off. This probably why God is thought to be a man, and all other rulers are to be men as well. That is one reason our society is more favorable towards the male gender. Since day one we have looked up to and respected man. Everything is referred to in the sense of the man. Let's use the Ten Commandments as an example. Are they biased as well? As stated in the Third Commandment, â€Å"You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes His name in vain.†

Analysis of the Various Marketing Channels Term Paper

Analysis of the Various Marketing Channels - Term Paper Example For a marketing channel to be effective, it requires that proper communication is effectively done to avoid poor communication. Communication involves advertising, promotions; electronic-mail, telephone conversations and complaints follow up. To be able to design an effective marketing channel, it is imperative that the business analyze customer needs, set up objectives and also be able to evaluate alternative marketing channels for their organization. In the traditional retail business wholesalers, distributors, retailers, and the consumers are all involved in the transferring process. Storage and shipping is an important aspect of the marketing channel and it takes place at every level of the distribution channel. It is usually facilitated by players such as warehouse agents and freight carriers. Another aspect of the retail business involves the services that are given to the customer and such activities include providing them with adequate information, training them on all aspects of the product, fulfilling any statutory and legal requirements and facilitation of credit services for the customers (Hennig-Thurau and Hansen 2000). Morrison's company was founded in 1899 by William Morrison. It began as a single egg and butter stall in Bradford, West Yorkshire. This company is one of the largest food retailer supermarkets with 375 stores. It mainly deals with food and groceries. Though big, it does not offer its customers an online shopping service which is crucial for the expansion of the business. In addition, it has yet to venture into the financial services market that is essentialThis Company is said to have the same prices in all its stores and this has made it win their customers loyalty. Since it has a relatively small size and regional focus. It promotes most of its own products through using its Farmers, Boy, and product subsidiaries. By the use of the wholesale model, this has proved to be the focal point in generating the company's profits while at the same time, it has maintained low prices. The company depends on its own subsidiaries to provide products and packagings to all its stores.T hey also have their own manufacturing facility which is unique to suit their market. The Morrison's company lays its emphasis on freshness, quality, provenance, in-store production, in-season food and their expression of their deep understanding of food. (Hennig-Thurau and Hansen 2000). The company operates its own manufacturing plant and it does its own distribution because all these channels are well integrated. In this company, they match the retail opening hours in all their stores. This chain of supermarkets also focuses on selling fresh food and also offers an employee discount scheme. Promotional offers are used like "half price "rather than "buy one get one free".

Design of Spatial Decoupling Scheme

Design of Spatial Decoupling Scheme Design of Spatial Decoupling Scheme using Singular Value Decomposition for Multi-User Systems Abstract In this paper, we present the use of a polynomial singular value decomposition (PSVD) algorithm to examine a spatial decoupling based block transmission design for multiuser systems. This algorithm facilitates joint and optimal decomposition of matrices arising inherently in multiuser systems. Spatial decoupling allows complex multichannel problems of suitable dimensionality to be spectrally diagonalized by computing a reduced-order memoryless matrix through the use of the coordinated transmit precoding and receiver equalization matrices. A primary application of spatial decoupling based system can be useful in discrete multitone (DMT) systems to combat the induced crosstalk interference, as well as in OFDM with intersymbol interference. We present here simulation-based performance analysis results to justify the use of PSVD for the proposed algorithm. Index Terms-polynomial singular value decomposition, paraunitary systems, MIMO system. INTRODUCTION Block transmission based systems allows parallel, ideally noninterfering, virtual communication channels between multiuser channels. Minimally spatial decoupling channels are needed whenever more than two transmitting channels are communicate simultaneously. The channel of our interest here, is the multiple input multiple output channels, consisting of multiple MIMO capable source terminals and multiple capable destinations. This scenario arises, obviously, in multi-user channels. Since certain phases of relaying involves broadcasting, it also appears in MIMO relaying contexts. The phrase MIMO broadcast channel is frequently used in a loose sense in the literature, to include point-to-multipoint unicast (i.e. private) channels carrying different messages from a single source to each of the multiple destinations (e.g. in multi-user MIMO). Its use in this paper is more specific, and denotes the presence of at least one common virtual broadcast channel from the source to the destinations. The use of iterative and non-iterative spatial decoupling techniques in multiuser systems to achieve independent channels has been investigated, for instance in [1]-[9]. Their use for MIMO broadcasting, which requires common multipoint-to-multipoint MIMO channels is not much attractive, given the fact that the total number of private and common channels is limited by the number of antennas the source has. Wherever each receiver of a broadcast channel conveys what it receives orthogonally to the same destination, as in the case of pre-and post-processing block transmission, the whole system can be envisaged as a single point-to-point MIMO channel. Block transmission techniques have been demonstrated for point-to-point MIMO channels to benefit the system complexities. Other advantages includes: (i) channel interference is removed by creating $K$ independent subchannels; (ii) paraunitarity of precoder allows to control transmit power; (iii) paraunitarity of equalizer does not amplify the channel noise; (iv) spatial redundancy can be achieved by discarding the weakest subchannels. Though the technique outperform the conventional signal coding but had its own demerits.   Amongst many, it shown in cite{Ta2005,Ta2007} that an appropriate additional amount of additive samples  still require individual processing, e.g. per- tone equalisation, to remove ISI, and   the receiver does not exploit the case of structured noise. However, the choice of optimal relay gains, although known for certain cases (e.g. [10], [11]), is not straightforward with this approach. Since the individual equalization have no non-iterative means of decoding the signals, this approach cannot be used with decode-and-forward (DF), and code-and-forward (CF) relay processing schemes. The use of zero-forcing at the destination has been examined [12], [13] as a mean of coordinated beamforming, since it does not require transmitter processing. The scheme scales to any number of destinations, but requires each destination to have no less antennas than the source. Although not used as commonly as the singular value decomposition (SVD), generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) [14, Thm. 8.7.4] is not unheard of in the wireless literature. It has been used in multi-user MIMO transmission [15], [16], MIMO secrecy communication [17], [18], and MIMO relaying [19]. Reference [19] uses GSVD in dual-hop AF relaying with arbitrary number of relays. Since it employs zero-forcing at the relay for the forward channel, its use of GSVD appears almost similar to the use of SVD in [1]. Despite GSVD being the natural generalization of SVD for two matrices, we are yet to see in the literature, a generalization of SVD-based beamforming to GSVD-based beamforming. Although the purpose and the use is somewhat different, the reference [17, p.1] appears to be the first to hint the possible use of GSVD for beamforming. In present work, we illustrate how GSVD can be used for coordinated beamforming in source-to-2 destination MIMO broadcasting; thus in AF, DF and CF MIMO relaying. We also present comparative, simulation-based performance analysis results to justify GSVD-based beamforming. The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the mathematical framework, highlighting how and under which constraints GSVD can be used for beamforming. Section III examines how GSVD-based beamforming can be applied in certain simple MIMO and MIMO relaying configurations. Performance analysis is conducted in section IV on one of these applications. Section V concludes with some final remarks. Notations: Given a matrix A and a vector v, (i) A(i, j)  gives the ith element on the jth column of A; (ii) v(i)  {ˆ y1 }R(r+1,r+s) = ˜Π£{x }R(r+1,r+s) + _ UHn1 _ R(r+1,r+s) ,   {ˆ y2 }R(pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r+1,pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r+s) = ˜Άº{x }R(r+1,r+s) + _ VHn2 _ R(pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r+1,pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r+s) , {ˆ y1 }R(1,r) = {x }R(1,r) + _ UHn1 _ R(1,r) , {ˆ y2 }R(pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r+s+1,p) = {x }R(r+s+1,t) + _ VHn2 _ R(pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r+s+1,p) . (1)  gives the element of v at the ith position. {A}R(n) and  {A}C(n) denote the sub-matrices consisting respectively of the  first n rows, and the first n columns of A. Let {A}R(m,n)  denote the sub-matrix consisting of the rows m through n  of A. The expression A = diag (a1, . . . , an) indicates that  A is rectangular diagonal; and that first n elements on its  main diagonal are a1, . . . , an. rank (A) gives the rank of  A. The operators ( à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ » )H, and ( à £Ã†â€™Ã‚ »)à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 denote respectively the  conjugate transpose and the matrix inversion. C mÃÆ'-n is the  space spanned by mÃÆ'-n matrices containing possibly complex  elements. The channel between the wireless terminals T1 and  T2 in a MIMO system is designated T1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢T2.   II. MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK Let us examine GSVD to see how it can be used for  beamforming. There are two major variants of GSVD in the  literature (e.g. [20] vs. [21]). We use them both here to  elaborate the notion of GSVD-based beamforming. A. GSVD Van Loan definition Let us first look at GSVD as initially proposed by Van Loan [20, Thm. 2]. Definition 1: Consider two matrices, H à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-n with  m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥n, and G à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C pÃÆ'-n, having the same number n of  columns. Let q = min (p, n). H and G can be jointly  decomposed as H = UÃŽÂ £Q, G = VΆºQ (2) where (i) U à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-m,V à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C pÃÆ'-p are unitary, (ii) Q à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  C nÃÆ'-n non-singular, and (iii) ÃŽÂ £= diag (à Ã†â€™1, . . . , à Ã†â€™n) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  C mÃÆ'-n, à Ã†â€™i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0; Άº= diag (ÃŽÂ »1, . . . , ÃŽÂ »q) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C pÃÆ'-n, ÃŽÂ »i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0. As a crude example, suppose that G and H above represent  channel matrices of MIMO subsystems S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D1 and S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D2  having a common source S. Assume perfect channel-stateinformation  (CSI) on G and H at all S,D1, and D2. With  a transmit precoding matrix Qà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1, and receiver reconstruction  matrices UH,VH we get q non-interfering virtual broadcast channels. The invertible factor Q in (2) facilitates jointprecoding  for the MIMO subsystems; while the factors U,V   allow receiver reconstruction without noise enhancement. Diagonal  elements 1 through q of ÃŽÂ £,Άºrepresent the gains  of these virtual channels. Since Q is non-unitary, precoding  would cause the instantaneous transmit power to fluctuate. This is a drawback not present in SVD-based beamforming. Transmit signal should be normalized to maintain the average  total transmit power at the desired level. This is the essence of GSVD-based beamforming for  a single source and two destinations. As would be shown  in Section III, this three-terminal configuration appears in  various MIMO subsystems making GSVD-based beamforming  applicable. B. GSVD Paige and Saunders definition Before moving on to applications, let us appreciate GSVDbased  beamforming in a more general sense, through another  form of GSVD proposed by Paige and Saunders [21, (3.1)]. This version of GSVD relaxes the constraint m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥n present  in (2). Definition 2: Consider two matrices, H à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-n and  G à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C pÃÆ'-n, having the same number n of columns. Let CH = _ HH,GH _ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C nÃÆ'-(m+p), t = rank(C), r = t à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢rank (G) and s = rank(H) + rank (G) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t. H and G can be jointly decomposed as H = U (ÃŽÂ £ 01 )Q = UÃŽÂ £{Q}R(t) , G = V (Άº 02 )Q = VΆº{Q}R(t) , (3) where (i) U à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-m,V à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C pÃÆ'-p are unitary, (ii) Q à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C nÃÆ'-n non-singular, (iii) 01 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-(nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t), 02 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  C pÃÆ'-(nà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t) zero matrices, and (iv) ÃŽÂ £Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-t,ΆºÃƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  C pÃÆ'-t have structures ÃŽÂ £_ à ¢Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ º à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚  IH ˜Π£ 0H à ¢Ã… ½Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚   and Άº_ à ¢Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ º à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚  0G ˜Άº IG à ¢Ã… ½Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚  . IH à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C rÃÆ'-r and IG à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C (tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢rà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s)ÃÆ'-(tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢rà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s) are identity  matrices. 0H à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C (mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢rà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s)ÃÆ'-(tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢rà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s), and 0G à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  C (pà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢t+r)ÃÆ'-r are zero matrices possibly having no  rows or no columns. ˜Π£= diag (à Ã†â€™1, . . . , à Ã†â€™s) ,˜Άº= diag (ÃŽÂ »1, . . . , ÃŽÂ »s) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C sÃÆ'-s such that 1 > à Ã†â€™1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥. . . à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ à Ã†â€™s > 0, and à Ã†â€™2 i + ÃŽÂ »2i = 1 for i à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1, . . . , s}. Let us examine (3) in the MIMO context. It is not difficult  to see that a common transmit precoding matrix _ Qà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 _ C(t) and receiver reconstruction matrices UH,VH would jointly  diagonalize the channels represented by H and G.  For broadcasting, only the columns (r+1) through (r +s)  of ÃŽÂ £and Άºare of interest. Nevertheless, other (t à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s)  columns, when they are present, may be used by the source  S to privately communicate with the destinations D1 and configuration # common channels # private channels S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {D1,D2} S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D1 S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D2 m > n,p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤n p n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢p 0 m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤n, p > n m 0 n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢m m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥n, p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥n n 0 0 m + p à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢n n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢p n à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢m (m + p) > n n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥(m + p) 0 m p TABLE I NUMBERS OF COMMON CHANNELS AND PRIVATE CHANNELS FOR  DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS D2. It is worthwhile to compare this fact with [22], and  appreciate the similarity and the conflicting objectives GSVDbased  beamforming for broadcasting has with MIMO secrecy  communication. Thus we can get ˆ y1 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C mÃÆ'-1, ˆ y2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C pÃÆ'-1 as in (1) at  the detector input, when x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C tÃÆ'-1 is the symbol vector  transmitted. It can also be observed from (1) that the private  channels always have unit gains; while the gains of common  channels are smaller. Since, à Ã†â€™is are in descending order, while the ÃŽÂ »is ascend  with i, selecting a subset of the available s broadcast channels  (say k à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤s channels) is somewhat challenging. This highlights  the need to further our intuition on GSVD. C. GSVD-based beamforming Any two MIMO subsystems having a common source  and channel matrices H and G can be effectively reduced,  depending on their ranks, to a set of common (broadcast) and  private (unicast) virtual channels. The requirement for having  common channels is rank (H) + rank (G) > rank (C) where C = _ HH,GH _ H. When the matrices have full rank, which is the case with  most MIMO channels (key-hole channels being an exception),  this requirement boils down to having m +p > n . Table I  indicates how the numbers of common channels and private  channels vary in full-rank MIMO channels. It can be noted  that the cases (m > n,p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤n) and (m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥n, p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥n)  correspond to the form of GSVD discussed in the Subsection II-A. Further, the case n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥(m + p) which produces only  private channels with unit gains, can be seen identical to zero  forcing at the transmitter. Thus, GSVD-based beamforming is  also a generalization of zero-forcing. Based on Table I, it can be concluded that the full-rank  min (n,m + p) of the combined channel always gets split  between the common and private channels. D. MATLAB implementation A general discussion on the computation of GSVD is found  in [23]. Let us focus here on what it needs for simulation:  namely its implementation in the MATLAB computational  environment, which extends [14, Thm. 8.7.4] and appears as  less restrictive as [21]. The command [V, U, X, Lambda, Sigma] = gsvd(G, H);  gives1 a decomposition similar to (3). Its main deviations  from (3) are,   1Reverse order of arguments in and out of gsvd function should be noted. ) ) D1 y1 , r1 S x ,w ( ( ) ) D2 y2 , r2 _ H1 __ n1 _ __ H2 n2 Fig. 1. Source-to-2 destination MIMO broadcast system  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ QH = X à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€ C nÃÆ'-t is not square when t . Precoding  for such cases would require the use of the pseudo-inverse  operator. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ ÃŽÂ £has the same block structure as in (3). But the structure  of Άºhas the block 0G shifted to its bottom as follows: Άº_ à ¢Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ º à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚  ˜Άº IG 0G à ¢Ã… ½Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã… ½Ã‚  . This can be remedied by appropriately interchanging the  rows of Άºand the columns of V. However, restructuring  ÃƒÅ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºis not a necessity, since the column position of the  block ˜Άºwithin Άºis what matters in joint precoding.   Following MATLAB code snippet for example jointly  diagonalizes H,G to obtain the s common channels (3)  would have given. MATLAB code % channel matrices H = (randn(m,n)+i*randn(m,n))/sqrt(2); G = (randn(p,n)+i*randn(p,n))/sqrt(2); % D1, D2: diagonalized channels [V,U,X,Lambda,Sigma] = gsvd(G,H); w = X*inv(X*X); C = [H G]; t = rank(C); r = t rank(G); s = rank(H)+rank(G)-t; D1 = U(:,r+1:r+s)*H*w(:,r+1:r+s); D2 = V(:,1:s)*G*w(:,r+1:r+s); III. APPLICATIONS Let us look at some of the possible applications of GSVDbased beamforming. We assume the Van Loan form of GSVD  for simplicity, having taken for granted that the dimensions  are such that the constraints hold true. Nevertheless, the Paige  and Saunders form should be usable as well. A. Source-to-2 destination MIMO broadcast system   Consider the MIMO broadcast system shown in Fig. 1,  where the source S broadcasts to destinations D1 and D2.  MIMO subsystems S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D1 and S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D2 are modeled  to have channel matrices H1 ,H2 and additive complex   Gaussian noise vectors n1 , n2. Let x = [x1, . . . , xn]T ) ) R1 y1 , F1 ( ( S x ,w ( ( ) ) D y3 ,r1 y4 ,r2 ) ) R2 y2 , F2 ( ( _ ___ H3 _ n3 H1 ___ n1 _ ___ H2 n2 _ H4 ___ n4 Fig. 2. MIMO relay system with two 2-hop-branches  be the signal vector desired to be transmitted over n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤Ã‚  min (rank (H1 ) , rank (H2 )) virtual-channels. The source  employs a precoding matrix w. The input y1 , y2 and output ˆ y1 , ˆ y2 at the receiver filters   r1 , r2 at D1 and D2 are given by y1 = H1wx + n1 ; ˆ y1 = r1 y1 , y2 = H2wx + n2 ; ˆ y2 = r2 y2 . Applying GSVD we get H1 = U1 ÃŽÂ £1 V and H2 = U2 ÃŽÂ £2V. Choose the precoding matrix w = ÃŽÂ ± _ Và ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 _ C(n) ; and receiver reconstruction matrices r1 = _ U1 H _ R(n) _ , r2 = U2 H _ R(n) . The constant ÃŽÂ ± normalizes the total average transmit power. Then we get, ˆ y1(i) = ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ £1(i, i) x(i) + Ëœn1(i) , ˆ y2(i) = ÃŽÂ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ £2(i, i) x(i) + Ëœn2(i), ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1 . . . n}, where Ëœn1 , Ëœn2 have the same noise distributions as n1 , n2 .  B. MIMO relay system with two 2-hop-branches (3 time-slots) Fig. 2 shows a simple MIMO AF relay system where a  source S communicates a symbol vector x with a destination  D via two relays R1 and R2. MIMO channels S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢R1, S à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R2, R1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D and R2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢D are denoted: Hi , i à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1, 2, 3, 4}. Corresponding channel outputs and additive complex Gaussian  noise vectors are yi , ni for i à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  {1, 2, 3, 4}. Assume relay  operations to be linear, and modeled as matrices F1 and F2 . Assume orthogonal time-slots for transmission. The source  S uses w as the precoding matrix. Destination D uses  different reconstruction matrices r1 , r2 during the time slots  2 and 3. Then we have: Time slot 1: y1 = H1wx + n1 , y2 = H2wx + n2 Time slot 2: y3 = H3 F1 y1 + n3 Time slot 3: y4 = H4 F2 y2 + n4 Let ˆ y = r1 y3 +r2 y4 be the input to the detector. Suppose n à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤min i (rank (Hi )) virtual-channels are in use. ) ) R y1 , F ( ( S x ,w ( ( ) ) D y2 ,r1 y3 ,r2 _ ___ H3 _ n3 H1 ___ n1 H2 _ n2 Fig. 3. MIMO relay system having a direct path and a relayed path  Applying GSVD on the broadcast channel matrices we get H1 = U1 ÃŽÂ £1 Q and H2 = U2 ÃŽÂ £2 Q. Through SVD we  obtain H3 = V1 Άº1 R1 H and H4 = V2 Άº2 R2 H. Choose w = ÃŽÂ ± _ Qà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 _ C(n) ; F1 = R1U1 H; F2 = R2U2 H; r1 = _ V1 H _ R(n) ; r2 = _ V2 H _ R(n) . The constant ÃŽÂ ± normalizes  the total average transmit power. Then we get

The visit summary

The story opens with the town of Guellen (which literally means â€Å"excrement†) preparing for the arrival of famed millionairess Claire Zachanassian. The town is In a state of disrepair, and the residents are suffering considerable hardship and poverty. They hope that Claire, a native of the small town, will provide them with much- needed funds. Alfred Ill, the owner of Guellen's general store and the most popular man In town, was Claire's lover when they were young, and agrees with the Mayor that the task of convincing her to make a donation should fall to him.As the town athers at the railway station to prepare for Claire's arrival, they are met with an unexpected surprise when Claire steps off of an earlier train. She Is grand, grotesque, and fantastic, and Is accompanied by two henchmen, her husband, a butler, and two eunuchs, along with a coffin, a caged black panther, and various pieces of luggage. She begins a flirtatious exchange with Ill, and they promptly revlslt t heir old haunts: Petersen's Barn and Konrad's Village Wood. Ill finds her as delightful as ever, though they are both now in their sixties and significantly overweight.Claire draws Ill's attention to her prosthetic leg and artificial hand. After settling into the Golden Apostle Hotel, Claire joins the rest of the town, who have gathered outside for a homecoming celebration. A band plays, gymnasts perform, and the Mayor gives a speech. Claire takes the opportunity to announce that she will make a donation of one million dollars, half for the town and half to be shared among the families. The townspeople are overjoyed, but their happiness is dampened when Claire's Butler steps forward to reveal her condition. The Butler was once the Lord Chief Justice ofGuellen, and had overseen the paternity suit that Claire had brought against Ill in 1910. In the suit, Ill had produced two false witnesses (who have since been transformed into Claire's eunuchs), and the court had ruled in his favor. Ill went on to marry Matilda, who owned the general store, and Claire moved to Hamburg and became a prostitute. She declares to the townspeople that she has come to Guellen to prove that Justice can, indeed, be bought. Her donation is conditional on Ill's death. When the Mayor refuses, the town cheers in support, but Claire states rather minously, â€Å"I'll wait. Ill feels generally confident about his status in the town. However, as time passes, he begins to feel troubled about their growing discontent, and then increasingly fearful as he begins to notice the proliferation of new yellow shoes on the feet of the townsmen, and the fact that everyone seems to be purchasing especially expensive items on credit. He goes to see the Policeman to demand that he arrest Claire for having threatened his life, but the Policeman tells him that the threat is nonsense. Ill then turns to the Mayor, who echoes similar sentiments.Both figures are armed, because Claire's black panther has escaped f rom his cage and is prowling about the town. This only feeds Ill's fear, since â€Å"my black panther† was Claire's pet name for him In their youth. He runs to see the Priest, but the Priest seems to be turning away from him as well, as he effectively Ignores Ill's fears and Instead draws attention to the magnificent new church bell. Slowly, the standard of living in the town rises, even though the townspeople continue to assure Ill that he is safe. Claire then receives the news that her black panther has beenKlllea, ana sne nas a Tuneral song played In Its memory. In an effort to escape, Ill heads to the railway station, but finds that, strangely, the entire town is gathered there. They ask him where he is going, and he says that he is planning to move to Australia. They wish him well, again assuring him that he has nothing to fear in Guellen, but Ill grows increasingly nervous nonetheless. The train arrives, but he decides not to board, believing that someone will stop him anyway. Paralyzed, he collapses in the crowd, crying, â€Å"I'm lost! After some time passes and Claire weds a ew husband in the Guellen Cathedral, the Doctor and the Schoolmaster go to see her and explain that the townspeople have run up considerable debts since her arrival. The Schoolmaster appeals to her sense of humanity and begs her to abandon her desire for vengeance and help the town out of the goodness of her heart. She reveals to them that she already actually owns all of properties in the town, and that she is the reason the businesses have been shut down and caused stagnation and poverty for the citizens.The Doctor and the Schoolmaster are aghast at this revelation. In the meantime, Ill has been pacing the room above the general store, his terror growing as the townspeople buy more and more expensive products on credit. News reporters, having received word of Claire's imminent wedding, are everywhere, and they enter the store to get the scoop on Ill, having heard that he was Claire's lover back in the day. The Schoolmaster, drunk, tries to inform the press about Claire's cruel proposal, but the townspeople stop him. Finally Ill descends the stairs, surprised at the hubbub, but quiet.The reporters clear the room when they hear hat Claire has Just divorced the man she has Just married, and has found a new lover. After the confusion has cleared, the Schoolmaster and Ill have an honest discussion. The Schoolmaster explains that he is certain that Ill will be killed, and admits that he will ultimately Join the ranks of the murderers. Ill calmly states that he has accepted his guilt, and acknowledges that the town's suffering is his fault. The Schoolmaster leaves, and Ill is confronted by the Mayor, who asks whether Ill will accept the town's Judgment at that evening's meeting. Ill says that he will.The Mayor hen suggests that Ill make things easier on everyone and shoot himself, but Ill refuses, insisting that the town must go through the process of act ually Judging and then killing him. Ill goes for a ride in his son's newly-purchased car, accompanied by his wife, Matilda, and his daughter, both of whom are wearing new outfits. As they drive through Konrad's Village Wood, Ill says that he is going to go for a walk through the woods before heading to the town meeting. His family continues on to the movie theater. In the woods, Ill comes across Claire, who is walking with her newest husband.She asks her husband to leave so that she and Ill can speak privately. They reminisce about the past, and make plans for the future. Claire tells Ill that she plans to take his body away in the coffin to a mausoleum in Capri that overlooks the Mediterranean. She also tells Ill that she has never stopped loving him, but that over time her love has grown into something monstrous. The town meeting is flooded with press, and the town publicly announces their acceptance of Claire's donation. They then go through the formality of a vote, which is unan imous, and the Mayor states that they have Ill to thank for their new-found wealth.The press is then ushered out of the auditorium to enjoy refreshments. The doors are locked, and the lights are dimmed. The Priest crosses Ill, and he is killed by the townsmen. Just as a reporter reappears In tne au01torlum, tne Doctor announces tnat II I nas oleo Trom a neart attack. The reporters gather, and declare that Ill has died from Joy. Claire examines the corpse, gives the Mayor his check, and leaves the town with Ill's body in the coffin that she brought with her when she arrived in Guellen. Claire boards the train at the railway station, and the visit comes to an end.